The Invention and Evolution of the Telephone

The Invention and Evolution of the Telephone In the 1870s, Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell independently designed devices that could transmit speech electrically. Both men rushed their respective designs for these prototype telephones to the patent office within hours of each other. Bell patented his telephone first and later emerged the victor in a legal dispute with Gray. Today, Bells name is synonymous with the telephone, while Gray is largely forgotten. But the story of who invented the telephone goes beyond these two men.   Bells Biography Alexander Graham Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was immersed in the study of sound from the beginning. His father, uncle, and grandfather were authorities on elocution and speech therapy for the deaf. It was understood that Bell would follow in the family footsteps after finishing college. However, after Bells two other brothers died of tuberculosis, Bell and his parents decided to immigrate to Canada in 1870. After a brief period living in Ontario, the Bells moved to Boston, where they established speech-therapy practices specializing in teaching deaf children to speak. One of Alexander Graham Bells pupils was a young Helen Keller, who when they met was not only blind and deaf but also unable to speak. Although working with the deaf would remain Bells principal source of income, he continued to pursue his own studies of sound on the side. Bells unceasing scientific curiosity led to the  invention of the photophone, to significant commercial improvements in Thomas Edisons phonograph, and to development of his own flying machine just six years after the Wright Brothers launched their plane at Kitty Hawk. As President James Garfield lay dying of an assassins bullet in 1881, Bell hurriedly invented a metal detector in an unsuccessful attempt to locate the fatal slug. From Telegraph to Telephone The telegraph and telephone are both wire-based electrical systems, and Alexander Graham Bells success with the telephone came as a direct result of his attempts to improve the telegraph. When he began experimenting with electrical signals, the telegraph had been an established means of communication for some 30 years. Although a highly successful system, the telegraph was basically limited to receiving and sending one message at a time. Bells extensive knowledge of the nature of sound and his understanding of music enabled him to conjecture the possibility of transmitting multiple messages over the same wire at the same time. Although the idea of a multiple telegraph had been in existence for some time, no one had been able to fabricate one- until Bell. His harmonic telegraph was based on the principle that several notes could be sent simultaneously along the same wire if the notes or signals differed in pitch. Talk With Electricity By October 1874, Bells research had progressed to the extent that he could inform his future father-in-law, Boston attorney Gardiner Greene Hubbard, about the possibility of a multiple telegraph. Hubbard, who resented the absolute control then exerted by the Western Union Telegraph Company, instantly saw the potential for breaking such a monopoly and gave Bell the financial backing he needed. Bell proceeded with his work on the multiple telegraph, but he did not tell Hubbard that he and Thomas Watson, a young electrician whose services he had enlisted, were also developing a device that would transmit speech electrically. While Watson worked on the harmonic telegraph at the insistent urging of Hubbard and other backers, Bell secretly met in March 1875 with Joseph Henry, the respected director of the Smithsonian Institution, who listened to Bells ideas for a telephone and offered encouraging words. Spurred on by Henrys positive opinion, Bell and Watson continued their work. By June 1875 the goal of creating a device that would transmit speech electrically was about to be realized. They had proven that different tones would vary the strength of an electric current in a wire. To achieve success, they, therefore, needed only to build a working transmitter with a membrane capable of varying electronic currents and a receiver that would reproduce these variations in audible frequencies. Mr. Watson, Come Here On June 2, 1875, while experimenting with his harmonic telegraph, the men discovered that sound could be transmitted over a wire. It was a completely accidental discovery. Watson was trying to loosen a reed that had been wound around a transmitter when he plucked it by accident. The vibration produced by that gesture traveled along the wire into a second device in the other room where Bell was working. The twang Bell heard was all the inspiration that he and Watson needed to accelerate their work. They continued to work into the next year. Bell recounted the critical moment in his journal:   I then shouted into M [the mouthpiece] the following sentence: Mr. Watson, come here- I want to see you. To my delight, he came and declared that he had heard and understood what I said. The first telephone call had just been made. The Telephone Network Is Born Bell patented his device on March 7, 1876, and the device quickly began to spread. By 1877, construction of the first regular telephone line from Boston to Somerville, Massachusetts, had been completed. By the end of 1880, there were 47,900 telephones in the United States. The following year, telephone service between Boston and Providence,  Rhode Island, had been established. Service between New York and Chicago started in 1892, and between New York and Boston in 1894. Transcontinental service began in 1915.   Bell founded his Bell Telephone Company in 1877. As the industry rapidly expanded, Bell quickly bought out competitors. After a series of mergers, the American Telephone and Telegraph Co., the forerunner of todays ATT, was incorporated in 1880. Because Bell controlled the intellectual property and patents behind the telephone system, ATT had a de facto monopoly over the young industry. It would maintain its control over the U.S. telephone market until 1984, when a settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice forced ATT to end its control over state markets. Exchanges and Rotary Dialing The first regular telephone exchange was established in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1878. Early telephones were leased in pairs to subscribers. The subscriber was required to put up his own line to connect with another. In 1889, Kansas City undertaker Almon B. Strowger invented a switch that could connect one line to any of 100 lines by using relays and sliders. The Strowger switch, as it came to be known, was still in use in some telephone offices well over 100 years later. Strowger  was issued  a patent on March 11, 1891, for the first automatic telephone exchange. The first exchange using the Strowger switch was opened in La Porte, Indiana, in 1892. Initially, subscribers had a button on their telephone to produce the required number of pulses by tapping. An associate of Strowgers invented the rotary dial in 1896, replacing the button. In 1943, Philadelphia was the last major area to give up dual service (rotary and button). Pay Phones In 1889, the coin-operated telephone was patented by William Gray of Hartford, Connecticut. Grays pay phone was first installed and used in the Hartford Bank. Unlike pay phones today, users of Grays phone paid after they had finished their call. Pay phones proliferated along with the Bell System. By the time the first phone booths were installed in 1905, there were about 100,000 pay phones in the U.S. By the turn of the 21st century, there were more than 2 million pay phones in the nation. But with the advent of mobile technology, the public demand for pay phones rapidly declined, and today there are fewer than 300,000 still operating in the United States. Touch-Tone Phones Researchers at Western Electric, ATTs manufacturing subsidiary, had experimented with using tones rather than pulses to trigger telephone connections since the early 1940s. But it wasnt until 1963 that dual-tone multifrequency  signaling, which uses the same frequency as speech, was commercially viable. ATT introduced it as Touch-Tone  dialing, and it quickly became the next standard in telephone technology. By 1990, push-button phones were more common than rotary-dial models in American homes. Cordless Phones In the 1970s, the very first cordless phones were introduced. In 1986, the Federal Communications Commission granted the frequency range of 47 to 49 MHz for cordless phones. Granting a greater frequency range allowed cordless phones to have less interference and need less power to run. In 1990, the FCC granted the frequency range of 900 MHz for cordless phones. In 1994, digital cordless phones, and in 1995, digital spread spectrum (DSS), were both respectively introduced. Both developments were intended to increase the security of cordless phones and decrease unwanted eavesdropping by enabling the phone conversation to be digitally spread out. In 1998, the FCC granted the frequency range of 2.4 GHz for cordless phones; today, the upward range is 5.8 GHz. Cell Phones The earliest mobile phones were radio-controlled units designed for vehicles. They were expensive and cumbersome, and had extremely limited range. First launched by ATT in 1946, the network would slowly expand and become more sophisticated, but it never was widely adopted. By 1980, it had been replaced by the first cellular networks. Research on what would become the cellular phone network used today began in 1947 at Bell Labs, the research wing of ATT. Although the radio frequencies needed were not yet commercially available, the concept of connecting phones wirelessly through a network of cells or transmitters was a viable one. Motorola introduced the first hand-held cellular phone in 1973. Telephone Books The first telephone book was published in New Haven, Connecticut, by the New Haven District Telephone Company in February 1878. It was one page long and held 50 names; no numbers were listed, as the operator would connect you. The page was divided into four sections: residential, professional, essential services, and miscellaneous. In 1886, Reuben H. Donnelly produced the first Yellow Pages–branded directory featuring business names and phone numbers, categorized by the types of products and services provided. By the 1980s, telephone books, whether issued by the Bell System or private publishers, were in nearly every home and business. But with the advent of the Internet and of cell phones, telephone books have been rendered largely obsolete.   9-1-1 Prior to 1968, there was no dedicated phone number for reaching first responders in the event of an emergency. That changed after a congressional investigation led to calls for the establishment of such a system nationwide. The Federal Communications Commission and ATT soon announced they would launch their emergency network in Indiana, using the digits 9-1-1 (chosen for its simplicity and for being easy to remember). But a small independent phone company in rural Alabama decided to beat ATT at its own game. On Feb. 16, 1968, the first 9-1-1- call was placed in Hayleyville, Alabama, at the office of the Alabama Telephone Company. The 9-1-1 network would be introduced to other cities and town slowly; it wasnt until 1987 that at least half of all American homes had access to a 9-1-1 emergency network. Caller ID Several researchers created devices for identifying the number of incoming calls, including scientists in Brazil, Japan, and Greece, starting in the late 1960s. In the U.S., ATT first made its trademarked TouchStar caller ID service available in Orlando, Florida, in 1984. Over the next several years, the regional Bell Systems would introduce caller ID services in the Northeast and Southeast. Although the service was initially sold as a pricey added service, caller ID today is a standard function found on every cell phone and available on most any landlines. Additional Resources Want to know more about the history of the telephone? There are a number of great resources in print and online. Here are a few to  get you started: ​The History of the Telephone: This book, now in the public domain, was written in 1910. Its an enthusiastic narrative of the telephones history up to that point in time. Understanding the Telephone: A great technical primer on how analog  telephones (common in homes until the 1980s and 1990s) work.   Hello? A History of the Telephone: Slate magazine has a great slide show of phones from the past to the present. The History of Pagers: Before there were cell phones, there were pagers. The first one was patented in 1949. The History of Answering Machines: Voicemails precursor has been around almost as long as the telephone itself.

Free sample - Summary of the Marketing Plan For Campus Tax Service, LLC. translation missing

Summary of the Marketing Plan For Campus Tax Service, LLC. Summary of the Marketing Plan For Campus Tax Service, LLCA  new company is going to be launched in January 01, 2011 named Campus Tax Service, LLC. The main objective of the company is to provide tax return preparation service to the college students. Our business service is operated at five campuses i.e. Levine, Central, Cato, Harper, and North Campus in Piedmont Community Colleges with the headquarter located in the City of Charlotte at the Piedmont Community Colleges Campuses in the state of North Carolina. The company’s will be formed with the ownership of Mr. Gary Bonaccorso with the total investment of $25000, where the owner will share $5000 and the rest $20000 will be collected from taking loan. The capital is used to purchase the computer equipments, furniture, software, promotional literature for all five locations and meet up the initial cost of starting the business. Each and every students need to prepare their tax return annually.   For assisting the students, the company came up with their services. The company possesses a strong confidence and determination to penetrate the industry by serving their primary target groups. The students at the five campuses are the target group. The company has further plan to serve the parents of the students and nearby residents. This venture could be very much profitable and the company will take long term plan to increase profitability and at the same time try to reduce the overall cost. Under the strict supervision of the owner and other management stuffs, The Company projects to increase 10% annual growth in sales. The company tries to make the service popular to the students because all students are indeed of making the tax return preparation services The company set its mission to become the market leader by implementing the strategy successfully. The management of the company performs the business activities with the aim of doing the right thing at the right time at the right place. The company aims to provide unique services and strive to ensure higher client satisfaction. Campus Tax Service, LLC offers $50 for preparing any tax return for students. Additional $17.50 need to be paid if the return exceeds 7 page formats. The price is very much reasonable and attractive in the industry. The company also offers attractive referral program for students. Each successful referral enable both the referral and referee students a discount of $5. The company considers total students as the target group for operation. So, taking the service to each and every client is the main theme of marketing the company’s service. Various types of promotional activities and measures i.e. flyers, bulletin board postings, ads in college publications, circulated coupons with discounts, word of mouth referrals will be taken to promote the company products. All the information can be found in company websites. The students’ enrollment demographics consist of Black Non-Hispanic, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, American /Indian /Alaskan Native, White Non-Hispanic and others with a total of 18,608 in numbers. Company has further plan to take the service to the households, faculties and other income group who also need to pay tax. The company will employ talented and qualified personnel in order to carry the day to day activities. The company provides extensive training facilities to its employees so that they can prepare the tax return service of the students properly, accurately and quickly. The employees of the company are so adept that they can present and provide service to the students any time. They are well trained and equipped with on site software for ease of tax return preparation. Those motivated work force will bring the targeted sales for the company The company will expand its business activities with taking newer strategies relevant to the vision and objectives. The control of expenses and increment of sales in the next few years will be the priority of the company. The company is committed to serve all the clients with the expertise of its efficient personnel, attractive packages and incentive programs and effective marketing campaigns.

Your Rights in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Your Rights in the Workplace - Essay Example Most of these individuals have problems affiliated with their work environment, which they wish to address, allowing them to operate efficiently and effectively in their places of work. For instance, I have come across situations whereby some people are not selected for certain jobs just because of their race or because they have some form of disability. In other instances, employers tend to promote having fewer skills to address certain positions and leaving the qualified candidates without work. Some individuals are forced to work for long hours without being awarded overtime, while others are denied leave to take care of their loved ones. I believe also that when most employees are laid off, they are unaware as to whether they have any rights to claim their jobs back or seek unemployment for the time they have been unemployed. Furthermore, some workers do not know whether they have rights to evaluate the jobs offered to them and request better policies. These kinds of unjust pract ices in organizations are inappropriate and the law condemns them. Based on the diverse malpractices that organizations embark on, which subject employees to hardships in the workplace, it is ideal to note that these issues prevail because a large number of employees are unaware of the legal approaches they should follow to cope with such situations. Most employers also take advantage of these situations without wanting their employees to understand the laws that safeguard their interests in the workplace.

U.S. vs. Japan Economies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

U.S. vs. Japan Economies - Assignment Example Unemployment in Japan surpasses that of United States, meaning that Japan does not match U.S.A in employing labor resources in her labor market. The labor market is fundamental in triggering economic growth through employment opportunities (Katzner, 2008). In this respect, both Japan and the United States utilize their relative human resources differently. On the same note, the human resources in Japan are subject to government control, while in the United States these resources function based on demand and supply forces. Investment resources constitute another critical aspect that these two countries differ in their pursuit for economic growth. Major players in the U.S economy are private stakeholders. On the same note, both the public and private sectors coexist and complement each other in inducing economic growth (Katzner, 2008). In Japan, the government plays the primary role in mobilizing investment resources. Although the country has both private and public sectors, the private sector is relatively dominated by the public sector. In a nutshell, differences between the types of resources used by Japan and U.S.A to grow their economies are based on the source of mobilization and the positioning of human resources and the labor market in their relative

The GM club Essay Example for Free

The GM club Essay The 21st century has become a world of wonders, a world of scientific and technological miracles. Moreover, a world where human kind strives to solve all of its ills without knowing enough about repercussions. If this dream is to be realized, we as an inter-dependant society, have a moral and ethical duty to make fundamental decisions as to the limits of science and technology in our every day life. Technology is emerging as the ruling power in western societies in the 21st century, and therefore, human kind is finding it more and more difficult to survive without constant aid from new hi-tech advances. Computers and the internet has become mens best friend. Children are growing up with Nintendo and Xbox, and consequently without the wondrous knowledge of playing tag, climbing a tree, playing in the dirt or with little insects. They have no familiarity with a world without television and videogames, a natural world where everything is organic and healthy. As the futurist Alvin Toffler points out in an article in the New Scientist, welcome to the latest installment of that (future) shock: the GM revolution. Gene therapy. Spare-part tissues grown from engineered fetal cells. Organ-donor pigs and their viruses. All these are part of it, but they are the remote part that exists only in the labs and the imaginations of scientists. GM food is different, its already left the labs. 1 In this paper, we will examine and try to clarify different philosophies that are competing to control world food production. In particular, we will mainly focus on the use of Genetically Modified Organisms (GM or GMOs) and Organic Farming. Each philosophy has its adherents and its detractors are locked in a boisterous and intransigent battle. This has led to a clouding of issues, making it very difficult for people to develop an informed decision. We believe that the issue at stake is crucial to humanitys existence, since it transcends national and political boundaries. All humans share this planet and ingest its harvest of food, thus, an error in policy can lead to universal catastrophe. As Toffler further points out, suddenly, plant science is no longer a quiet backwater for genial professors and their cuttings. It is the stuff of big business, patent rivalries and closely guarded technical tricks. If you believe biotechs gainsayers, this brave new plant science is also ushering in a dark age in which all genes will bear a no trespassing sign, and the companies that own them will move them from species to species like Lego bricks, to the detriment of whats left of the natural world and our respect for it. Many organisms researchers are manipulating are more complex than bacteria and have greater emotional resonance for humans, either because they are mammals or part of our food supply. 2 On the other hand, as Nathan Batalion points out a farmer may use toxic chemicals for many decades, and then let the land lie fallow for a year or two to convert back to organic farming. The chemicals tend to break down into natural substances within months or years. A few may persist for decades. But genetic pollution (from GMOs) can alter the life in the soil for ever! 3 Background General Background For the past 12,000 years, human kind has interfered with nature in different degrees to guarantee a steady stream of food. From the cultivation of wheat to the domestication of wild animals, humans have manipulated nature for their advantage and survival. Consequently, this has led to a more continuous and reliable source of food that allowed humanity to establish civilizations, pursue knowledge and create the world we know today. Unfortunately, for all the advancements we have accomplished a large portion of the worlds population lives in hunger. As a civilized society, it is our duty and responsibility to try to eradicate hunger and try to raise the standards of less fortunate nations. Farmers, eager to increase their crop yields and number of livestock, have adopted different new methods and technologies with hopes of success. Overall, their efforts have been outstripped by the increase in the worlds population and the failure of some of the technologies to live up to their promises. Over the years, the use of chemicals, pesticides and herbicides has grown to an unprecedented degree. This has led to problems not envisioned by society, such as, soil and water pollution due to overuse, resistance to herbicides and pesticides by organisms, mutagenicity and even resistant forms of bacteria. Today, there have emerged two competing solutions for the farmers woes, Genetically Modified Organisms and Organic farming. Both solutions have their supporters and their detractors. Simply put, Organic Farming is farming without the use of chemicals and farming with GMOs is using genetically modified crops to increase yields and lower the use of chemicals, herbicides and pesticides. Genetically Modified Organism Background The promise of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) or Genetically Modified Foods (GMFs) is increased yields from agriculture, more powerful control of pests and weeds, reduced use of agrochemicals and enhanced nutritional value. The agro-biotechnology industry has announced a revolution: it promises to increase world food production and reduce the requirements for water and other natural resources. Reduction of atmospheric emissions and chemical contamination of soils may be achieved. Another accomplishment this revolution promises is an abundant nutritionally improved diet for malnourished populations. Central to this revolution is genetically modified food (GMF)4. That is the promise of GMOs. Essentially, the process of genetically modifying a plant starts with a piece of DNA that has been isolated from an animal, another plant or a bacterium. This isolated piece of DNA can code for a protein, which has a specific function and could impart the ability of a plant to resist insects, grow at an accelerated rate, require less water and resist disease and chemicals. The isolated DNA, or gene, is then placed into a plant cell. As a result, the plant growing from this modified cell, carries the inserted gene and is enhanced to express new traits; however, the plants exhibit traits that are not possible under natural conditions. In the U. S, GMOs have found their way into a large portion of processed foods. As of January 2002, 5. 5 million farmers worldwide mainly in the U. S, Argentina, Canada and China now grow GM crops covering more than 50 million hectares. And with the vast countries like Indonesia about to join the GM club, next years leap could be bigger still. 5 Meaning, two thirds of all U. S processed foods have GM ingredients and 70-80 million acres of land is growing GM crops. This represents approximately 25% of agricultural lands in the U. S. Furthermore, products such as soybeans, corn, tomatoes and rapeseed (canola), have been genetically modified and are currently in the processed food chain. The problem is not that these products are on the market but, there are no labeling requirements, and today Genetically Modified Foods fill our supermarket shelves, our kitchens and restaurants. Sadly, few consumers are aware this has been going on. 6 The use of GMOs and GMFs is by no means universally accepted. While the U. S has adopted a very aggressive GMO and GMF program, with voluntary labeling, other countries have adopted a more conservative approach. Virtually all of the European nations, many Latin American countries as well as countries in the Near East and Asia have partially banned, restricted or imposed a moratorium on the use of GMOs or GMFs. Many countries require labels indicating that the food has been Genetically Engineered and impose severe legal penalties for non-compliance. Organic Farming Background.

gov econ policy :: essays research papers

Government Economic Policy In 1988 the government of the day was at a downswing of the business cycle with high unemployment rate (UE%) coupled with high inflation. This caused the real income (YR) to fall. The populus of Australia had less purchasing power causing the aggregate demand to fall (ÓD). With the people of Australia spending less and firms not selling enough inventories the government (G) had less taxation revenue and with firms trying to cut costs, they laid off workers. This caused G non-profitable expenditure (G1) to increase and thus caused deficit budgets. This is when Private Investment (I), Economic Growth (GDP) and Private Consumption started to fall tremendously. In later years the G borrowed money from other nations because worsening Fiscal policy. The trouble was that the G was borrowing to pay G1 expenditure not G2. This caused a lack of I multiplier effect within the economy. The lack of money circulating in the economy lowered the Production Possibilities Curve (PPC) making the nation not able to provide enough goods and services for the people. If we look at the aggregate supply equation (Ó supply= GDP+ imports (M)), when GDP falls imports are the only option have enough supply to satisfy the economy. Making the overseas sector the only means cheap enough to buy goods and services from. Consequently this acted as a leakage because money was flowing into other nations and not into Australia’s. The PPC graph shows Australia’s shift in GDP with the PPC moving from A to B. therefore the difference between A and B is imports. This made economic conditions worse. As a result of the high inflation and UE% the national savings pool and thus private investment fell and foreign ownership rose. With all the money going out of the Australian economy and into others’ this caused stagflation. Stagflation occurs when an economy doesn’t grow (GDP doesn’t increase) but inflation increases. The inflation type is cost-push inflation. This graph shows cost-push inflation by showing the shift in aggregate supply causing a shift in the price (due to the law of demand) thus causing inflation, but in this case stagflation. Finally the Australian economy is ‘busted’ AKA recession. This was due to a number of factors one of these was the Terms of Trade (TOT) falling. This caused Australia’s main industry ‘agriculture’ to be severely effected. With the Interest rates ( I %) rising for long periods of time this caused strong decline in private investment, lessening the multiplier effect.

India vs China Essay

1.India and China fight for Super power tag.The two countries meet face to face only at The Himalayas, all other things for comparison will make stand these two countries individually, at their own socio-economic-political-cultural areas. To know who is super power, India or China or two know each areas of strength and weakness, let’s get into the points of concern for both to become super power. Military Strength – Conventional and Nuclear. 2.As two rising Asian powers with high GDP growths and increasing geo-political influence, India and China have been arch rivals in their race to superpowerdom. The race for regional dominance between these two countries has also spawned a race for militarization, with India sparing no efforts to match China’s military might. A comparative analysis is therefore overdue, to see how India and China fare against each other in their military strengths. According to United States DoD (Department of Defense) reports for 2006, China’s military expenditure is estimated to be 80 billion US dollars. However, the official Chinese CPC government quote is a $30 billion military expenditure (which a lot of analysts believe is under quoted). The actual Chinese military capabilities and budget are masked in deep secrecy to prevent foreign countries having an idea of its military might†¦and perhaps to create the strategic advantage of uncertainty. If we were to go by the conservative official Chinese figure of $30 billion, it would put China second only to USA in global military spending. On the other side, India’s official military expenditure for 2006 is quoted at $22 billion by the Min of Finance. India however, does not keep a level of secrecy as cloaked as China does, as its democratic government system requires public accountability. By its official 2006 military budget figures, India stands at 9th position in global military spending. 3. India’s active military personnel numbered over 1,325,000 (approx) while China was significantly higher at 2,255,000. In air defence, China’s PLA (People’s Liberation Army) Air Force has 9,218 aircrafts of which about 2300 are combat aircrafts, operating from its 489 air bases. The Indian Air Force has 3382 aircrafts which includes 1335 combat aircrafts operating from 334 bases and its sole aircraft carrier INS Viraat. The air superiority in China’s PLAAF is maintained by its fleet of Russian Su-30 MK and indigenously built J-10 fighters. Indian Air Force, on the other hand has French built Dassault Mirage 2000s and Russian Su-30 MKI as the best aircrafts in its combat fleet (no indigenous fighters or aircrafts have been deployed by India so far). Indian Navy is the world’s eighth largest navy with a with a fleet of 145 vessels consisting of missile-capable warships, advanced submarines, the latest naval aircrafts and an aircraft carrier in its i nventory. It is experienced both in combat and rescue operations during wartime and peace as seen from its wars with Pakistan in 1971, the December 2004 Tsunami, etc. In comparison, China’s PLA Navy with its fleet of 284 vessels is quantitatively larger but lacking in actual war experience, which could undermine its strategic capability. As of 2007, China has no aircraft carriers in its naval fleet but is slated to build and induct an aircraft carrier by 2010. 4.In strategic nuclear defence and delivery systems, China’s PLA is miles ahead of India’s nuclear forces. The PLA’s stockpile is estimated to have 200-400 active nuclear warheads. In comparison, India’s strategic nuclear force is estimated to have stockpiled about 50-70 nuclear warheads. The most powerful warhead tested by India had an yield of 0.05 megatons which is quite small compared to China’s highest yield of 4 megatons. India’s nuclear delivery system consists of bombers, supersonic cruise missiles and medium range ballistic missiles. Agni 2, India’s longest range deployed ballistic missile is capable of a range of 2500 km, carrying a single nuclear warhead of 1000 kg. In stark contrast, China’s nuclear delivery system is far more capable with multiple warheads (MIRV) ICBMs like DF-5A [12000 km] and DF-4 [7500 km]. It also fields submarine launched SLBMs like JL-2 [8500 km] and strategic fighter bombers like Su-27 Flanker in its nuclear delivery arsenal. 5.Economic theory teaches us that incentives drive decision making by a nation or an individual. In case of India, a democracy with no serious military adversary, its militarisation drive is often overshadowed by internal militancy issues and political struggles. In case of a communist China, it has a powerful military adversary in United States; the conflicts over Taiwan give China a strong incentive to beef up its military defence to counter the US military might. The situation is much similar to that of USSR vs USA Cold War, albeit on a much smaller scale. The end result is China walking far ahead of India in military might with overpowering superiority if both conventional and nuclear forces are taken into account. Population 6.China can be called The big tree of a forest, where plenty of things happen by nourishing other small plants and giving space for generation of more fruitful plants; that is its population. The one child per family policy is about to savor negative implications by large in future, through having more male births to continue their family and to maintain income levels, which leads to less female births, which doesn’t strike a balance between male to female sex ratio, and depicts the clear picture of future possibility to find a girl to sustain its offspring. Another major problem stands at the feet of China is, an unusual increase in the old age population which poses problem to maintain. 7.India being the next tree adjacent to the China in the forest of this world doesn’t have such limit of family members, which contributes more population and makes India the most populated country in the world in a decade span. Of this population, most of the people are below the age of 25 which adds new, promising, young talent to steer the Indian economy smoothly and also maintains female ratio which doesn’t leads to gender imbalance thus assuring working population balance to its best. Predicted to overtake China’s population in a decade, India has oceanic human capital which promises un parallel economy in the world. Education System 8.Education being the cornerstone for any economy, China laid much emphasis and achieved an Adult literacy rate of 94% as provided in World Bank preliminary census for the year 2011. For adult girls it remains at 99% striking a mastered balance in creating requisite opportunities for equal education and employment. Though primary education is much accentuated; secondary education didn’t got much attention especially in rural areas which poses a threat to future skill pool of the country. The major con for China in this area is its inability to produce large number of English speakers per capita. 9.India has an adult literacy rate of 74% and after taking efforts to increase the level of education for women between the age of 15 to 24, it has registered 80% literacy. Several NGO’s, corporate companies and women concerned societies are taking many initiatives for improving the literacy rate. Though urban areas strike a balance in the ratio of education for male to female; rural counterparts couldn’t fare well because of its infrastructural and social problems. One point that India has advantage over china is in the production more number of English speakers per capita with growing literacy rate. Industry 10.China caters for its domestic market with mass production concept in producing the items such as toys, electronic devices, mobiles, T-shirts. Obviously, fast consuming goods are given priority for production which wants a mere copying or imitation in work design rather than innovation. Apart from this China faces challenge to cater for heavy industry for which expertise and skills are needed and ability to serve global clients is the one area at which they dawdle. Recent initiative to kick start in automotive sector has left better chops for china without tasting much success. 11.India focuses on Industrial area to gear up its economy. The high technology steel produced through high spirit in India, has no comparable competitors across the world. Apart from intensified industrial production, IT sector is reined by vibrant skilled youth with wide range of attributes to contribute. As under from the above mentioned areas, it is experiencing advancement in the areas of engineering and services market and is having a consolidated automobile market in terms of production, engineering services, spares and marketing capability. Poverty 12.China has an un parallel history in reducing the poverty through equal distribution of resources, but due the long line it couldn’t be properly rationed which again struggling in the poverty pond that has been posing many non-social evils giving birth to rebellions and undesired effects like prostitution, drug mafia thus leading to HIV AIDS. Of course, there exists a difference between feeding a crow and a lion; but China government was never hopeless to feed the ever growing elephant called â€Å"Poverty† in their country. 13.India’s deeply disturbing social issue which has been deep rooted and chronic in its nature is persistent in its annual record showing no growth or probably negligible. Illiteracy, inaccessibility to safe drinking water, medical facilities and under nourishment is the roots of this ever growing, undesirable, social element. More children per family, crop failure, loss of assets are some points that can be characterized for the rising of poverty in an alarming way; but not given much importance by Indian politicians who spend always their whole time for making the lives of common people much better! Oops! Right or wrong, we have nothing to do, but to follow the flow, because India is a democratic country. Corruption 14.China has shown a remarkable score in corruption which has been deep rooted in government offices and ministries as the adage says failing is not a problem but refusing to stand again shows the difference, China did remarkably well in the crackdown of corruption, by punishing its Supreme ourt former vice-president, Huang Songyou for life time jail with connection to his fraud and bribery offences. That’s what called accountability and the action fills trust to curb corruption in China. 15.India fares worst compared do China, by being more corrupted than China giving a strong competition for which even it doesn’t have any people representative to take accountability to clean the trash left by most familiar corrupted officials and ministers. Neither former Telecom minster A. Raja has been awarded any punishment nor the officials and ministers involved with Common Wealth Games fraudulence and Adarsh Society scandal has been brought totally the under the control of law. The system being totally vicious, will take long time to get itself out from the ever growing poisonous pangs of the most favorite word of our Nethas called as â€Å"Corruption. â€Å" Otherwise it continues to dwell along with other evils that exist in the country. Economy 16.Making an in depth study and analysis of India vs. China economy seems to be a very hard task. Both India and China rank among the front runners of global economy and are among the world’s most diverse nations. Both the countries were among the most ancient civilizations and their economies are influenced by a number of social, political, economic and other factors. However, if we try to properly understand the various economic and market trends and features of the countries, we can make a comparison between Indian and Chinese economy. Going by the basic facts, the economy of China is more developed than that of India. While India is the 12th largest economy in terms of the exchange rates, China occupies the third position. Compared to the estimated $1.209 trillion GDP of India, China has an average GDP of around $7.8 trillion. In case of per capital GDP, India lags far behind China with just$1016 compared to $6,100 of the latter. Agriculture 17.Agriculture is another factor of economic comparison of India and China. It forms a major economic sector in both the countries. However, the agricultural sector of China is more developed than that of India. Unlike India, where farmers still use the traditional and old methods of cultivation, the agricultural techniques used in China are very much developed. This leads to better quality and high yield of crops which can be exported. Liberalization of the market 18.In spite of being a Socialist country, China started towards the liberalization of its market economy much before India. This strengthened the economy to a great extent. On the other hand, India was very slow in embracing globalization and open market economies. While India’s liberalization policies started in the 1990s, China welcomed foreign direct investment and private investment in the mid 1980s. This made a significant change in its economy and the GDP increased considerably. Difference in infrastructure and other aspects of economic growth 19.Compared to India, China has a much well developed infrastructure. Some of the important factors that have created a stark difference between the economies of the two countries are manpower and labor development, water management, health care facilities and services, communication, civic amenities and so on. All these aspects are well developed in China which has put a positive impact in its economy to make it one of the best in the world. Although India has become much developed than before, it is still plagued by problems such as poverty, unemployment, lack of civic amenities and so on. In fact unlike India, China is still investing in huge amounts towards manpower development and strengthening of infrastructure. 20.China mostly depends on Foreign Investments and also gets debts from US for mobilizing the required resources for its production and growth and has modernized its army by seizing civilian lands which has nothing to do with stumbling financial markets. China accelerates its growth by its export driven economy that places good at Balance of Payments, foreign exchange reserve s. 21.India is developing home grown companies to cater to its own and overseas needs and is attracting foreign investment which is offering 20% returns on investment opportunity that is the reason for Japan’s 5 billion dollar investment in industrial corridor in India. Also the takeover tool of Indian companies like TATA, Reliance is zooming growth rate with a handful promise of contribution fostered by government owned companies like ONGC, IOC. Other Areas 22.China has got good infrastructure and a breakthrough for making The fastest train which runs at 430km/hr owns by china strengthens the transportation connectivity and infrastructure is provided ample importance by building vast roads with single way allowance for commutation thus offering more feasibility for trade relations in the country. On the other hand it is employing knowledge people, but some constraints like, non English speaking people has been recently brought into light, for which China government took initiative to train their human capital with enough English to deal with International Business. Conclusion 24.India still being called as a developing country has drastically improved in providing urban infrastructure while the rural community has been neglected showing the cause in terms of economic development through industrial area. Industrial corridors and other innovative action is driving both growth and employment making it a power hub in the future with an abundant human capital both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Diabetes Education

Nowadays, in the field of the diabetes, it is a common scenario that more and more people consider type 2 diabetes as a primary health concern.   For people working with or taking take of persons with diabetes, they are thankful that diabetes care is now getting nationwide recognition.   However, in certain matters, we can observe a lack of investment in continuing learning prospects for practitioners.According to Cooper et al. (2002), in the year 2000, the Audit Commission recognized a discrepancy in knowledge and understanding regarding diabetes among patients, and a scarcity of evidence-based practice as well. In view of this fact, Cooper et al. (2005) carried out a study to determine the effects of a diabetes-specific health education program. Their research centered on what patients recognize to be valuable and beneficial to them in the educational approach espoused.The study stressed the necessity for an interdisciplinary method to patient education with regards to diabetes . Cooper et al. (2005) said that diabetes nurses have long been leading the activities in underatking such programs. The authors further asserted that the role of these diabetes nurses in cmoing up with a standardized approach to patient education training has to demonstrate good practice founded on research evidence of what works best and what is most applicable.Furthermore, Cooper et al. (2002) claimed that education has been stressed as a primary component of the treatment for diabetics. As a consequence, attention has therefore centered on the necessity for effective and efficient provision of education services that are both accessible and inclusive. Nevertheless, the Audit Commission has recognized gaps in present service provision. In addition, as stated earlier, the Commission likewise discovered serious and critical deficits in knowledge and understanding regarding diabetes among patients, and a scarcity of evidence-based practice. At present, the findings of the Commission are upsetting and disturbing, and this issue is expanded by the concentration on diabetes nurses as the major players in providing such treatment (Cooper et al., 2002.)Given these conditions and because of the constraints in continuing educational prospects it is now a concern if how could we maintain and preserve an informed and dynamic workforce for diabetes care where diabetes practitioners are under pressure (Phillips, 2006). It is also a question if diabetes is not interesting enough for workforce investment save for the pharmaceutical giants.   At present, several diabetes practitioners consider that this source of funding is the lone source that allows further or additional study.Meanwhile, Guirguis et al. (2006) declared that pharmacists could play a significant part in the health of diabetics. They said that an increasing body of research has showed that pharmacists could effectively and successfully offer care to diabetics and in several instances enhance their health o utcomes as well.   In addition, Guirguis & Chewning (2004) claimed that supposed pharmacy students’ role beliefs and patient reactions were strong predictors of pharmacy students’ reported purpose to inquire regarding the diabetes ABCs someday.In terms of diabetes education, Anderson et al. (2005) said that diabetes educators employ theories constantly, even if they are not conscious of it. The authors said that in order to teach, one should first have certain suppositions regarding how people gain knowledge of the matter and what comprises effective and successful teaching. Hence, the purpose of their study is to assist diabetes educators concerned in research and evaluation on how to choose the proper theories.Their study assessed the four (4) rationales of theories, specifically, description, explanation, control, and prediction, in addition to the extent to which a theory has been expressed and expanded. The authors also evaluated the significance of a theoryâ₠¬â„¢s explanatory power, its personal resonance, and its utility. Moreover, their study assessed how to employ one or more theories at every period of an evaluation or research or project.Moreover, Anderson et al. (2005) maintained that theories could be vital instruments for the purpose, comprehension, and carrying out of diabetes patient education research. The authors emphasized that they could be particularly useful in the design and assessment of intervention research as well. Furthermore, educational researchers will take advantage of the implementation of theories that reverberate with their experience, have been expanded by way of reflection and argument with their peers, and have been experimented by means of research.They likewise said that such theories would offer a coherent, powerful, and strong base on which to perform research studies. Moreover, Anderson et al. (2005) claimed that diabetes educators derive benefit from theory-based interventions that can be successful ly converted into various settings numerous diabetes educators. Theory-based research that is the basis of effective interventions provides greater understanding of how to be effective educators and enhances the credibility of the profession.SynopsisBased on these studies, I can say that as diabetes received national public health recognition, it is somewhat confusing why investment is not being made to support and also protect the workforce involved in diabetes education in improving excellence in care and upholding care on the cusp of evidence-based delivery.Furthermore, I have learned that diabetes education must not be viewed as a luxury, but instead it should be regarded as a necessity because it is definitely a significant part of the clilical governance program of constant learning. Moreover, it will definitely be advantageous and beneficial for people with diabetes to recognize that the care that is being given to them is up-to-date and that they are being given the best alt ernatives. #ReferencesAnderson, R. et al. (2005).   Choosing and Using Theories in Diabetes Education Research.   The Diabetes Educator.Cooper, H. et al. (2002). Diabetes education: the patient's perspective.   Journal of Diabetes Nursing.Guirguis, L. et al. (2006). Evaluation of Structured Patient Interactions: The Diabetes Check. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education.Guirguis, L. & B. Chewning. (2004). Talking to pharmacists about diabetes: How to ask about monitoring clinical targets. Journal of American Pharmaceutical Association.Phillips, A. (June 2006).   Developing the diabetes workforce: no longer a priority? Journal of Diabetes Nursing.    Diabetes Education Nowadays, in the field of the diabetes, it is a common scenario that more and more people consider type 2 diabetes as a primary health concern.   For people working with or taking take of persons with diabetes, they are thankful that diabetes care is now getting nationwide recognition.   However, in certain matters, we can observe a lack of investment in continuing learning prospects for practitioners.According to Cooper et al. (2002), in the year 2000, the Audit Commission recognized a discrepancy in knowledge and understanding regarding diabetes among patients, and a scarcity of evidence-based practice as well. In view of this fact, Cooper et al. (2005) carried out a study to determine the effects of a diabetes-specific health education program. Their research centered on what patients recognize to be valuable and beneficial to them in the educational approach espoused.The study stressed the necessity for an interdisciplinary method to patient education with regards to diabetes . Cooper et al. (2005) said that diabetes nurses have long been leading the activities in underatking such programs. The authors further asserted that the role of these diabetes nurses in cmoing up with a standardized approach to patient education training has to demonstrate good practice founded on research evidence of what works best and what is most applicable.Furthermore, Cooper et al. (2002) claimed that education has been stressed as a primary component of the treatment for diabetics. As a consequence, attention has therefore centered on the necessity for effective and efficient provision of education services that are both accessible and inclusive.Nevertheless, the Audit Commission has recognized gaps in present service provision. In addition, as stated earlier, the Commission likewise discovered serious and critical deficits in knowledge and understanding regarding diabetes among patients, and a scarcity of evidence-based practice. At present, the findings of the Commission are upsetting and disturbing, and this issue is expanded by the concentration on diabetes nurses as the major players in providing such treatment (Cooper et al., 2002.)Given these conditions and because of the constraints in continuing educational prospects it is now a concern if how could we maintain and preserve an informed and dynamic workforce for diabetes care where diabetes practitioners are under pressure (Phillips, 2006). It is also a question if diabetes is not interesting enough for workforce investment save for the pharmaceutical giants.   At present, several diabetes practitioners consider that this source of funding is the lone source that allows further or additional study.Meanwhile, Guirguis et al. (2006) declared that pharmacists could play a significant part in the health of diabetics. They said that an increasing body of research has showed that pharmacists could effectively and successfully offer care to diabetics and in several instances enhance their health ou tcomes as well.   In addition, Guirguis & Chewning (2004) claimed that supposed pharmacy students’ role beliefs and patient reactions were strong predictors of pharmacy students’ reported purpose to inquire regarding the diabetes ABCs someday.In terms of diabetes education, Anderson et al. (2005) said that diabetes educators employ theories constantly, even if they are not conscious of it. The authors said that in order to teach, one should first have certain suppositions regarding how people gain knowledge of the matter and what comprises effective and successful teaching. Hence, the purpose of their study is to assist diabetes educators concerned in research and evaluation on how to choose the proper theories.Their study assessed the four (4) rationales of theories, specifically, description, explanation, control, and prediction, in addition to the extent to which a theory has been expressed and expanded. The authors also evaluated the significance of a theory†™s explanatory power, its personal resonance, and its utility. Moreover, their study assessed how to employ one or more theories at every period of an evaluation or research or project.Moreover, Anderson et al. (2005) maintained that theories could be vital instruments for the purpose, comprehension, and carrying out of diabetes patient education research. The authors emphasized that they could be particularly useful in the design and assessment of intervention research as well. Furthermore, educational researchers will take advantage of the implementation of theories that reverberate with their experience, have been expanded by way of reflection and argument with their peers, and have been experimented by means of research.They likewise said that such theories would offer a coherent, powerful, and strong base on which to perform research studies. Moreover, Anderson et al. (2005) claimed that diabetes educators derive benefit from theory-based interventions that can be successfull y converted into various settings numerous diabetes educators. Theory-based research that is the basis of effective interventions provides greater understanding of how to be effective educators and enhances the credibility of the profession.SynopsisBased on these studies, I can say that as diabetes received national public health recognition, it is somewhat confusing why investment is not being made to support and also protect the workforce involved in diabetes education in improving excellence in care and upholding care on the cusp of evidence-based delivery.Furthermore, I have learned that diabetes education must not be viewed as a luxury, but instead it should be regarded as a necessity because it is definitely a significant part of the clilical governance program of constant learning. Moreover, it will definitely be advantageous and beneficial for people with diabetes to recognize that the care that is being given to them is up-to-date and that they are being given the best alte rnatives. #ReferencesAnderson, R. et al. (2005).   Choosing and Using Theories in Diabetes Education Research.   The Diabetes Educator.Cooper, H. et al. (2002). Diabetes education: the patient's perspective.   Journal of Diabetes Nursing.Guirguis, L. et al. (2006). Evaluation of Structured Patient Interactions: The Diabetes Check. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education.Guirguis, L. & B. Chewning. (2004). Talking to pharmacists about diabetes: How to ask about monitoring clinical targets. Journal of American Pharmaceutical Association.Phillips, A. (June 2006).   Developing the diabetes workforce: no longer a priority? Journal of Diabetes Nursing.

Free Essays on The Struggle For Gay Rights

The struggle for gay rights continues in America. Most Americans believe we have come a long way in the civil rights movement and in some facets we have. It’s wonderful that African Americans can drink from the same water fountain as anyone else. They no longer have to sit in the back of the bus. Women can now vote and smoke in public (where smoking is allowed) if they wish. People are given the freedom of religion as long as it does not involve practicing this in a public school or other public venues that bar practicing religion. But where are the rights for gay men and women? Many believe the Stonewall Riots of New York City sparked the modern gay rights movement (Altman). They occurred after the police raided a popular gay bar, the Stonewall Bar, in Manhattan’s Greenwich Village. Although other homophile groups did already exist in America, the new energy and militancy generated by the riots created new organizations with different goals and methods. The country was greeted with vocal and demanding groups such as the Gay Activists Alliance and the Gay Liberation Front. The liberal movement called for equal rights for gays. This would entail the abolishment of all anti-homosexual laws, as well as the inclusion of all rights accorded to heterosexuals including marriage. It’s sad to think that in the 35 years that has past since that Stonewall raid on June 27, 1969 we are still working on equal rights for gay individuals. Not all anti-homosexual laws have been abolished and gays are still not allowed to marry in most states. Still today gays are denied the rights that other American Citizens hold. The gay community declares that they are stigmatized and indeed oppressed, denied basic civil and constitutional rights, solely because they are viewed disfavorably by the majority of American citizens and because of the popular belief that they are sexual, psychological deviants or inherently immoral according to th... Free Essays on The Struggle For Gay Rights Free Essays on The Struggle For Gay Rights The struggle for gay rights continues in America. Most Americans believe we have come a long way in the civil rights movement and in some facets we have. It’s wonderful that African Americans can drink from the same water fountain as anyone else. They no longer have to sit in the back of the bus. Women can now vote and smoke in public (where smoking is allowed) if they wish. People are given the freedom of religion as long as it does not involve practicing this in a public school or other public venues that bar practicing religion. But where are the rights for gay men and women? Many believe the Stonewall Riots of New York City sparked the modern gay rights movement (Altman). They occurred after the police raided a popular gay bar, the Stonewall Bar, in Manhattan’s Greenwich Village. Although other homophile groups did already exist in America, the new energy and militancy generated by the riots created new organizations with different goals and methods. The country was greeted with vocal and demanding groups such as the Gay Activists Alliance and the Gay Liberation Front. The liberal movement called for equal rights for gays. This would entail the abolishment of all anti-homosexual laws, as well as the inclusion of all rights accorded to heterosexuals including marriage. It’s sad to think that in the 35 years that has past since that Stonewall raid on June 27, 1969 we are still working on equal rights for gay individuals. Not all anti-homosexual laws have been abolished and gays are still not allowed to marry in most states. Still today gays are denied the rights that other American Citizens hold. The gay community declares that they are stigmatized and indeed oppressed, denied basic civil and constitutional rights, solely because they are viewed disfavorably by the majority of American citizens and because of the popular belief that they are sexual, psychological deviants or inherently immoral according to th...

A History of the Horn, Better Known as the French Horn

A History of the Horn, Better Known as the French Horn Throughout the last six centuries, the evolution of horns has gone from the most basic of instruments used for hunting and announcements to more sophisticated musical versions designed to elicit the most melodious sounds. The First Horns The history of horns starts with the use of actual animal horns, hollowed out of the marrow, and blown into to create loud sounds announcing celebrations and the start of feasts, as well as for sharing warnings, such as the approach of enemies and threats. The Hebrew shofar is a classic example of an animal horn that was, and still is, widely used in celebrations. These culturally significant rams horns are used to announce major holidays and celebrations, such as Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. However, the basic animal horn does not allow for much manipulation of sound other than what the user can do with his mouth. Rafael Ben-Ari/Getty Images Transitioning From Communication Tool to Musical Instrument Making the transition from a method of communication to a way to create music, horns were first formally seen being used as musical instruments during 16th-century operas. They were made from brass and mimicked the structure of the animal horn. Unfortunately, they provided a challenge for adjusting notes and tones. As such, horns of different lengths were introduced, and players had to switch between them throughout a performance. While this did provide some added flexibility, it wasnt an ideal solution, and horns werent widely used. During the 17th century, additional modifications to the horn were seen, including the enhancement of the bell end (larger and flared bells) of the horn. After this alteration was made, the cor de chasse, or French horn as the English called it, was born. The first horns were monotone instruments. But in 1753, a German musician called Hampel invented the means of applying movable slides (crooks) of various length that changed the key of the horn. In 1760, it was discovered rather than invented that placing a hand over the bell of the French horn lowered the tone, called stopping. Devices for stopping were later invented, which further enhanced the sound that performers could create. In the early 19th century, pistons and valves, instead of crooks, were used, giving birth to the modern French horn and eventually the double French horn. This new design allowed for an easier transition from note to note, without having to switch instruments, which meant performers could keep a smooth and uninterrupted sound. It also allowed for players to have a wider range of tones, which created more complex and harmonic sound. Despite the fact that the term French horn has been widely accepted as the proper name of this instrument, its modern design was actually developed by German builders and is most frequently manufactured in Germany. As such, many experts assert that the proper name for this instrument should simply be a horn. Who Invented the French Horn? Tracing the invention of the French horn to one person is tricky. However, two inventors are named as the first to invent a valve for the horn. According to the Brass Society, Heinrich Stoelzel (1777–1844), a member of the band of the Prince of Pless, invented a valve that he applied to the horn by July 1814 (considered the first French horn) and Friedrich Blà ¼hmel (fl. 1808–before 1845), a miner who played trumpet and horn in a band in Waldenburg, is also associated with the invention of the valve. Edmund Gumpert and Fritz Kruspe are both credited with inventing double French horns in the late 1800s. German Fritz Kruspe, who has been noted most often as the inventor of the modern double French horn, combined the pitches of the horn in F with the horn in B-flat in 1900.

Business Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Business Social Responsibility - Essay Example As the attitude of society concerning the commercial activities began to change with the beginning of 19th century, it led to gradual growth of capitalism and strengthening of corporate potency. The businesses were allowed to utilise fully the resources of society for the generation of uttermost profit. Thus, the corporations exploited their employees, customers and suppliers without any due considerations for social welfare. Luthans et al. (1990) illustrate that businesses assumed no specific social responsibility in that era and remained concerned with maximisation of economic gains without respite. They also elaborate that the situation aggravated when firms entered into competition with each other in the pursuit of market supremacy and wealth maximisation. The most important factor contributing to the precipitation of corporate barbarism in the 19th century was the fact that there happened to be minimal or negligible government regulation over the corporations that led to a socially irresponsible behaviour on the part of businesses. Hence, the society soon lost trust in capitalism and economic instability cam to prevail at a wider scale. Luthans et al. (1990) explain that the notion that businesses should be regulated by government for socially responsible behaviour emerged and uprose soon after that, which led to the imposition of government restrictions on corporations concerning social responsibility. The infliction of laws and regulations for the perpetuation of social responsibility among the corporations led to the great extent a change in the attitude of corporate world towards society. These laws initially prevented the businesses to cause any harm or damage to the society during its course of profit maximisation. Hence, government regulations seem to have played a great role in bringing about this 'socially responsible' behaviour, rather than the pure intention of social and human welfare on the part of the corporations. In the modern era, the concept of social responsibility evolved into the 'corporate social responsibility', which is a further enhanced concept embodying much more responsible behaviour than is required by law. Businesses should not only refrain from afflicting any harm to society as restricted by law, but also endeavour and strive within its possible capabilities for the betterment of society and the individual altogether, even when it is not circumscribed in its legal requirements. Bloom and Gundlach (2001, p142) as pinned down the term 'corporate social responsibility' as, "The obligations of the firm to its stakeholders; people and groups who can affect or a who are affected by corporate policies and practices. These obligations go beyond legal requirements and the company's duties to its shareholders. Fulfilment of these obligations is intended to minimize any harm and maximize the long-run beneficial impact of the firm on society" Thus, in this definition, the social responsibility of business encompasses a wider spectrum of a firm's responsibility. It leads a